Marian Gaiceanu
"DUNAREA DE JOS" UNIVERSITY OF GALATI,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Domneasca Street 111,
6200 Galati, Romania,
Tel/Fax: + 40 36 460182
e-mail : Marian.Gaiceanu@ugal.ro

An investigation into the relation between the applied electrical waveforms and the acoustic vibrations of inverter fed induction motors

P. Dorland, J.A. Ferreira,  
ELECTRICAL POWER PROCESSING, DELFT UNIVERSITY of TECHNOLOGY
Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 15 27 86239 Fax: +31 15 27 82968
J.A.Ferreira@its.tudelft.nl
http://ee.its.tudelft.nl/epp

F. Blaabjerg
DEPT. of ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION, AALBURG UNIVERSITY
Pontoppidanstraede 101, DK-9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
Tel: +45 96 35 92 54 Fax: +45 98 15 14 11
Fbl@iet.auc.dk
http://www.iet.auc.dk

The investigation aims to establish the relationship between the stator voltage and current and the mechanical vibrations that cause acoustic noise. A transfer factor based on standard frequency analysis is proposed which gauges the linearity of the transfer functions. This factor is intended as a design aid for noise reduction schemes.  Experimental results for two induction motor drive systems are presented.

STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF TWO CONNECTED INDUCTION MOTORS APPLICATION TO AN ELECTRICAL DIFFERENTIAL

V. de Oliveira, E. Monmasson, J.P. Louis.
LESiR (Laboratoire d’Electricité de Signaux et de Robotique) ENS CACHAN
61 Avenue du Président Wilson, F-94235 CACHAN Cedex
oliveira@lesir.ens-cachan.fr

This paper focuses on the analysis of the differential properties of a two connected induction motor set. Each of these three phase squirrel cage induction machines has a double winding stator. This allows a lot of possibilities of coupling. We present in this work the general steady state analysis of a double winding stator motor and one of the most promising coupling between two double winding stator motors. Moreover, we realized a scale model based on two classical induction machines.

Unipolar Converter for DC Brushless Motor Drives

A. Consoli, S. De Caro, A. Testa°, N. Aiello*, F. Gennaro*, M. Lo Presti
^*DEES – University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6 – 95125 Catania – Italy
° DFMTFA – University of Messina, Salita Sperone, 31 – 98166 Messina – Italy
* STMicroelectronics – Catania, Stradale Primosole, 50 – 95100 Catania – Italy

Unipolar power converters allow to reduce cost and circuital complexity of DC brushless motor drives by reducing the number of required power switches per phase. A new converter topology is presented that allows to improve the power factor of unipolar DC Brushless Motor drives, aimed to equip low cost variable speed drives. It features an unipolar topology with a modified C-dump energy recovery stage, that allows to perform an active power factor control. According to the presented approach no additional power factor control stages are necessary to comply with power quality requirements. Moreover, the proposed converter topology featuring only low side switches, allows to simplify the switch control circuits and opens the perspective of integrate all the converter on a single chip exploiting smart power technologies.

DS1.5: Topic 7: Motion control and robotics
(V. Fedak, T.U. of Kosice, Slovakia)

ANN-BASED CURRENT-CONTROLLED BLDC SERVO MOTOR

Aziza M.Zaki Sanaa I.Amer
Electronics Research Institute, El-Tahrir street, Dokki,
Cairo, EGYPT
Tel:(202)3310550, Fax(202)3351631
e-mail: aziza@eri.sci.eg

The stator currents of the brushless dc (BLDC) motor are controlled to control the torque of the motor using the rotor position signal. For many applications, the load torque varies along the motor position trajectory such as for robotic applications. In this paper, an online control strategy is proposed for nonlinear brushless dc motors operating in a high-performance drives environment. The proposed control strategy possesses the capabilities of simultaneous online control. The first goal is to control the speed and position of the rotor, while the second goal is to control the components of the stator current. The control action is implemented in such a way that system trajectories follow a predetermined reference track.

High-power servo drives for application on high-voltage circuit breakers

Sjoerd Bosga, Philip Kjaer, Stefan Valdemarsson, Freddy Magnussen
ABB Corporate Research
SE-721 78  Västerås, Sweden
Tel.: +46/21-34 50 18; Fax: +46/21-32 32 64
E-mail: sjoerd.bosga@secrc.abb.se
http://www.abb.com

This paper presents a series of extremely high-power servo drives for application on high-voltage circuit breakers. With a peak shaft power ranging from 15 to 500 kW and acceleration around 50g, these drives are able to successfully replace the traditional circuit-breaker operating mechanisms. The very special features and performance of the new drives provide a reliable and cost-effective solution, with built-in diagnostic features. In contrast to traditional servo drives, the breaker drives are designed for extreme peak power and short duty operation. Using a special motor design, the required high peak power and energy can be delivered to the load in a cost effective way. The control system of the drive ensures precision control over the motion curve of the breaker contacts. It allows advanced monitoring of the breaker’s performance over time, providing detailed information on each breaker operation. The servo drive thus not only replaces the traditional mechanical operating mechanisms, but also eliminates the need for additional measurement equipment.

Simulation of robot control voltage and current limitations

P.Ph. Robet
Institut de Recherche en Cybernétique de Nantes
Ecole Centrale de Nantes
1 rue de la Noë, BP 92101 
44321 Nantes, cedex 3
France

M.Gautier
GE44-LR2EP, I.U.T de Nantes
3, rue du Maréchal Joffre
44041 Nantes cedex 01
France

In this paper we design a simplified model for electric drive chain of high speed machines such as robots which takes into account both current and voltage saturation. The simplified model simulation time is divided by ten or more compared with the full model simulation time. It remains close to the usual static gain model simulation time while keeping the tracking error trajectory close to the real tracking error.

A New Linear Drive with Extreme Dynamic Performance and High Thrust

Prof. Dr.sc. Dr.h.c. Peter- Klaus Budig
Dr.- Ing Ralf Werner
EAAT GmbH Chemnitz, Annaberger Strasse. 231
Tel. 0049 371 5301911     Fax. 0049 371 5301913

There was a demand for a linear drive with the following performance data:
way of motion less 20 mm,  time of motion less 20 ms, maximum accelleration 4 000 m/s², maximum thrust 42 000 Newton. It was the task to design the electromagnetic actuator and the control electronics as well. The first one has a moving coil with extremely low weight. It is in an cylindrical air gap in which there is a flux- density of 1 Tesla. This field is made by two rings of high- energy permanent magnets. Since the power demand is about 450 kW the power- supply  comes from 5 capacitor- banks working in parallel. The current rise rate is 2 000 A / ms. 

An Integrated milli-metric CellActuator: Design and Test

Giovanni Busatto, Roberto Di Stefano and Maurizio Scarano
Dept. of Automation, Electromagnetism, Information Engineering and
Industrial Mathematics - UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO
Via G. Di Biasio, 43 - 03043 Cassino (FR), ITALY
Telephone number: 0776 299699 / Fax number: 0776 310812
e-mail: busatto@unicas.it

In the paper an original configuration of milli-metric actuator is presented. The actuator hosts a magnetic film that produces a flux density axial distribution. The fixed active element is built by a lot of elementary smart radial conductors. Each conductor represents an elementary actuator which is able to sense the magnetic field allowing the current flow in the right direction in order to develop a suitable thrust and a mechanical power. Each conductor includes a smart power ASIC specifically designed and fabricated in standard 1.5 mm CMOS technology.

Position Accuracy Determination of a Linear BL Drive System

Ezio Bassi, Francesco Benzi, Claudio Bianchi
University of Pavia - Department of Electrical Engineering
Via Ferrata, 1
Pavia, Italy
Tel. +39-0382-505520/Fax. +39-0382-422276
ezio.bassi@unipv.it
francesco.benzi@unipv.it

The paper  presents the results of an accuracy study for a permanent magnet brushless linear motor drive system. Two aspects are considered: i) investigation related to the system accuracy issue, in terms of static and dynamic trajectory error; ii) identification and measurement of the drive parameters in order to compensate for disturbing torques. Experimental tests accompany a short review of a few issues related to the linear drive application for industrial automation.

A Proposal of the Magnetic Levitation System with Two Desired Values to Suppress the Elastic Vibration of the Thin Steel Sheets

Gen Uchimido, Masaya Watada, Susumu Torii, and Daiki Ebihara
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Musashi Institute of Technology
1-28-1, Tamadutsumi, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8557, JAPAN
Phone: +81-3-3703-3111(Ext.2764), Fax: +81-3-5707-2212
e-mail: ebihara@ee.musashi-tech.ac.jp
URL: http://www.eml.ee.musashi-tech.ac.jp

High quality and high efficiently transfer of the manufactual process are required with thin steel sheets of the thickness 0.3-1.2mili-meters that is in demand the highest in the steel industry. The thin steel sheets should be transported without cracks on the surface and the unevenness of lubricating oil in the field of producing steel-ware. The non-contact transportation of thin steel sheets by magnetic levitation is one of the solutions. It is proposed in this paper that the levitation system with two desired values to prevent transverse waves from propagating along the plate.

A one-side support experiment of magnetic levitation system with two desired values and independent system is tested. The experiment result prove that compared with independent system, system with two desired values can control convergence of vibration early. The vibrations of various frequencies exist on a thin steel plate during surfacing. The examination to frequency of a thin steel plate is, therefore, required. In control system with two desired values and independent control system, it is necessary to get capability that can control vibration over the frequency of the vibration on a thin steel plate. An output vibration amplitude /an input vibration amplitude (following: amplitude ratio) is a parameter of the vibration control effect. The experiment result shows the amplitude ratio is high when the frequency of the thin steel plate is high, in both cases. PID controls order these electromagnets current. The system with two desired values can set up a differentiation gain highly, therefore, vibration can be controlled rather than the independent system. The progressive wave and the reflected wave from a free end side generate standing wave. The system with two desired values can control progressive wave. The experiment prove the system with two desired values can control progressive wave more rather than the independent system on the frequency of the ranges from 3 to 72 hertz. These experiments prove the system with two desired values is more effective than the independent system.

Friction Compensation Based on Reset-Integrator Friction Model

Ante Bozic, Danijel Pavkovic, Josko Deur and Nedjeljko Peric
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING
UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB
Unska 3.
10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
ante.bozic@fer.hr
danijel.pavkovic@fsb.hr
josko.deur@fsb.hr
nedjeljko.peric@fer.hr
URL: http://www.rasip.fer.hr/act

This paper focuses on friction compensation based on simple dynamical ‘reset-integrator’ friction model. Due to its simplicity, it is numerically efficient and therefore desirable for implementation in control algorithms.  Main topic of this paper is the proposed method for identification of friction model parameters. The proposed method is experimentally verified on a laboratory servosystem.

A new approach to define optimal acceleration shape based on an electrical model.

Cedric Paroz, Yves Perriard
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL)
Electromechanical Laboratory
1015 LAUSANNE, Switzerland
+41 21 693 2692
cedric@c-p.ch

In the modern robot and industrial machine tool, acceleration times begin to prevail over cruising times. This paper demonstrates important relations between acceleration shape and various characteristics of a drive system. These characteristics are mainly power dissipation, quickness and mechanical lifetime. An electrical model gives an easy and direct way to analyse various system.

Investigation of Mechatronic System

E.A. Lomonova, K.O.Boinov
Technical University of Eindhoven
Department of Electric Engineering
P.O.Box 513 - 5600 MB
Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 40 2473573/ Fax: +31 40 2434364
e-mail: e.lomonova@tue.nl, k.boinov@tue.nl

J.B. Klaassens
Delft University of Technology,
Department of Electric Engineering
Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 15 2785796/Fax: +31-15 2786679
e-mail: J.B.Klaassens@ITS.TUDelft.NL,

A. El Azzouzi
Siemens Nederland NV.
Industrial Installations and Power Generation
Department Harbour Transhipment Systems
Prinses Beatrixlaan 26, NL-2595 AL,
The Hague, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 70 333 3681/Fax: +31 70 333 3534
e-mail : Abdessalam.azzouzi-el@siemens.nl

The paper discusses a comprehensive mechanical, electromechanical, electromagnetic and control design approaches leading to the system integration and redesign solutions of the high-performance crane mechatronic system. The advanced analytical and numerical solutions are obtained during solving a spectrum of energy conversion, control problems for the investigated system which integrates electromechanical motion devices (the electrical actuators - switched reluctance motor (SRM) and linear induction motor (LIM)), no-linear mechanical load (skewing container), and control systems. The combination of finite element method and machine circuit equations is applied for the electrical drive design and steady-state performance prediction with the aim to obtain the optimal electromagnetic parameters and improve the output efficiency. The finite element models are implemented in Maxwell 2D through the intermediate models in RMxprt (Ansoft Co). Further, the parametric post-processing verification is provided for the different electromagnetic constraints.

Finally the created toolboxes for electrical drives, linear and non-linear models of mechanical load, control system are applied for multilevel-modeling approach of the crane mechatronic system. The non-linear and linearized governed equations of a skewing container present the dynamic models of the mechanical load. Analytical solutions of the motion equations based on a Lagrangian approach are obtained with Maple V software and further implemented into Matlab-Simulink models. The particular emphasis is given to linking the model of the skewing container with the models of the SRM and LIM using the principle of energy balance. The simulated dynamic responses of the skewing container with feedback control systems are proposed for the implementation at the physical scale prototype.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLIFIED SUPPLY FOR DIPHASED PIEZOELECTRICS

C.Henaux, JF.Rouchon and B.Nogarede
Laboratoire d’Electrotechnique et d’Electronique industrielle
Unité mixte de recherche du CNRS n°5828
Tel 33 5 61 58 82 08 fax 33 5 61 63 88 75
e-mail : nogarede@leei.enseeiht.fr
2 rue Charles camichel BP 7122 31071 Toulouse Cedex

The annular travelling wave piezoelectric  has very attractive characteristics where high efforts, low speed, accuracy and silent running are necessary. To make the best  of the advantages of this type in the field of position control, while offering a system suitable for mass-production, it must be associated with a minimum  cost supply system. Bearing in mind the constraints inherent to the supply of capacitive armature piezoelectrics which work under high voltage at ultrasonic frequencies, a novel optimal electronic supply principle for travelling waves is presented and its characteristics compared to those of existing solutions.

DS1.6: Topic 8: Measurement and sensors
(S. de Haan, T. U. Delft, The Netherlands)

THE ROGOWSKI COIL REVISITED

D. W. Ackermann
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,  POTCHEFSTROOM UNIVERSITY FOR CHRISTIAN HIGHER EDUCATION
Private Bag X6001
2520 Potchefstroom, Republic of South Africa.
Tel +27 18 299 1978 / Fax +27 18 299 1977
e-mail: eeidwa@puknet.puk.ac.za

M. J. Case
DEPARTMENT OF POWER ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, VAAL TRIANGLE TECHNIKON
Private Bag X021
1900 Van der Bijl Park, Republic of South Africa
Tel. +27 16 9509295 W, +27 11 8886293 H / Fax +27 16 9509795
e-mail: mikecase@global.co.za

The Rogowski coil is a well-known current transducer, and is especially attractive for Power Electronics applications.  However, the available theory is inadequate to deal with a number of design problems.  This paper expands the theory to account for these of problems and presents a design procedure with some examples.

High Performance Speed Measurement Method

Andreas Bünte, Stephan Beineke, Ulrich Schumacher
Lust Antriebstechnik GmbH
Gewerbestr. ك5-9
35633 Lahnau, Germany
Tel.:+49 (0) 6441/966-0, Fax.:+49 (0) 6441/966-137
e-Mail: lust@lust-tec.de
URL.: http://www.lust-tec.de

The following is a presentation of a high performance speed measure­ment method, which suppresses sys­tematic errors of encoders with sinusoidal line signals. The proposed method is based on a spe­cial transformation and a low-pass filter. Com­pared to state-of-the-art methods, only few addi­tional hardware efforts are required. By means of this new scheme, dynamics and smooth running character­istics of servo drive systems are improved consider­ably.

LabVIEW - Harmonic and Power Analyzer

Eberhard Brenner and Matthias Jany
UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES DRESDEN
Department of Electrical Engineering
Friedrich-List-Platz 1
01069 Dresden, Germany
Tel.: (0351) 462 3460   Fax: (0351) 462 2391
e-mail: brenner@et.htw-dresden.de

This paper presents a complex VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT (VI) for harmonic and power analysis using the graphic programming system LabVIEW. For the acquisition of the measuring data a data acquisition card with a simultaneous sampling for each single measuring channel is applied. In particular, VI’s for a long time measurement with an integrated digital flickermeter (above all for the analysis of line voltage) and for the statistical evaluation are introduced. A further VI included a short time recorder for an offline measurement with a triggerable recording of measuring data for the acquisition of fast changing harmonics. Relevant characteristics are calculated and stored by means of an additional VI for the inspection of the recorded sampling data. A single, clocked or continous storage of characteristics is possible in accordance with appropriate regulations. The presentation of these characteristics in variation with time and additional evaluations are possible by means of an integrated VI. A VI for quasi online measurements allows the acquisition and presentation of characteristics in steady state respectively quasi stationary operating conditions. The comparison of measuring results, won by VI’s, with results of commercial measuring instruments has shown a very good conformity.

Integrated reluctance position sensor for the self-commutation of a hybrid linear electric actuator

Cavarec Pierre-Emmanuel, Hamid Ben Ahmed, Bernard Multon
LESIR  Britany branch
Campus de Ker Lann 35170 Bruz
France
Cavarec@bretagne.ens-cachan.fr

This paper presents a new design for a fully-integrated linear reluctance position sensor. Such a sensor is particularly well-adapted to compact hybrid synchronous linear actuators. A prototype has been developed and tested and a high-frequency simulation has confirmed the frequency behavior. Different types of demodulation are compared herein. A synchronous differential demodulation has been derived and yields very good results.

A New Technique for Unbalance Current and Voltage Measurement with Neural Networks

F. Javier Alcántara, Patricio Salmerón, Jaime Prieto
Electrical Engineering Department, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Huelva University
Ctra. Palos de la Frontera s/n
E-21819 Palos de la Frontera, Huelva, Spain
Phone: 00.34.959.017576, Fax: 00.34.959.017304
E-mail: FcoJavier.Alcantara@dfaie.uhu.es
Patricio.Salmeron@dfaie.uhu.es
Jaime.Prieto@dfaie.uhu.es

In this paper a new measurement procedure based in neural networks for the estimation of the current and voltage symmetrical components is presented. The theory foundations are the Park Vectors representation for a three-phase voltage/current. The measurement system scheme is built with three neural network blocks. The first block is a feddforward neural network that computes the Park vectors and the zero phase sequence components. The second block is an adaptative linear neuron (ADALINE) that estimates the harmonic complex coeficients of the current/voltage Park vectors. A third block is another feedforward neural network that obtains the symmetrical components of each individual voltage and current harmonic. Finally, the estimation procedure of the symmetrical components of a three-phase, unbalanced, nonlinear load current was applied to a practical case.

Flow Calorimeter for Power Electronic Converters  

Alex Van den Bossche
Ghent University, Laboratory for Electrical Machines and Power Electronics
ELMAPE, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41
Gent Belgium
Tel.+32-9-2643419/fax. 32-9-2643582
alex.vandenbossche@rug.ac.be
http://elmape.rug.ac.be/elmape

A flow calorimetric system is proposed which measures the temperature rise of the air across the room of the device under test. The mass flow of the air is stabilised by controlling a fan in such way, that the temperature rise of a known dissipation is kept constant. The efficiency of power electronic converters is continuously increasing. The current and voltage waveforms contain frequencies that can disturb a wattmeter. This is in particular true for variable speed drives. The output voltage of frequency converters contains indeed slopes up to 20V/ns, which reduce the accuracy of a wattmeter. The accuracy of a wattmeter is also limited due to the fact that two similar values are subtracted. With an efficiency of 95% and a wattmeter accuracy of 1%, the accuracy for the losses is only about 40%. A calorimeter based direct loss measurement can be much more accurate. Calorimeters are mentioned as a possible method for magnetic materials [1], inductors [2], for transformers [3], as a method for measuring motor losses [4] and for general apparatus and systems [5][6].

Coil and Cable Behaviour for Rogowski Current Transducers

W.F. Ray and C.R. Hewson
POWER ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS Ltd.,
25 Barratt Lane, Attenborough
Nottingham, U.K.
Tel: + 44 115 925 4212 /Fax: +44 115 967 7685
e-mail: info@pemuk.com
www.pemuk.com

Rogowski current transducers comprise a Rogowski coil and integrator connected by a co-axial cable. The coil and cable behave as transmission lines with different impedances and correct termination presents difficulties which can result in reflections which appear as rings on the measured waveform. This paper investigates and models the coil-cable behaviour and the integrator behaviour and compares model predictions with experimental measurements

A Novel Solution for Phase Current Sensing in PWM-VSI Based AC Drives

Francesco Parasiliti, Roberto Petrella, Marco Tursini
UNIVERSITY OF L’AQUILA
67040 Monteluco di Roio
L’Aquila, Italy
Tel. +390862434446 / Fax +390862434403
tursini@ing.univaq.it
www.ing.univaq.it

In this paper a novel solution for phase current sensing in PWM–VSI based AC drives is presented, based on a resistive sensors put in series to the lower switches of the inverter legs.  It allows current sensing during each modulation cycle within the whole operating area of the inverter. Inside the overmodulation area a simple but effective modification of the modulation pattern is proposed which does not increase the complexity of the implementation almost at all. Encumbrance, complexity and cost resemble the solution using a single sensor on the DC link, but almost no operating limitations are introduced. Experimental results are presented in order to show the performance and effectiveness of the proposed method.

DS1.7: Topic 9: Power electronics and drives in the automotive industry
(H. Kabza, Universität Ulm, Germany)

Experimental Study of the DC/DC Converter for Electric Motorcycles

Yaow-Ming  Chen
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Chung Cheng University
Chia-Yi, Taiwan
Tel: 886-5-2428159
Fax: 886-5-2720862
E-mail: ieeymc@ccu.edu.tw

Jian-Liang  Ju
Department of Electrical Engineering
I-Shou University
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Tel: 886-7-6577711
Fax:886-7-6577205
E-mail: m883205m@isu.edu.tw

A DC/DC converter suitable for the use of the electric motorcycle is proposed in this paper. Considering the safety, the power rating, the reliability, and the efficiency of the converter, the circuit topology based on the DC/DC forward converter is proposed. Operation modes of the proposed DC/DC converter are introduced and some important voltage and current waveforms of the converter are also shown. The voltage stress suppression and energy recovery are achieved by using the passive snubber of the main switch. Two different feedback control strategies for the proposed DC/DC converter are adopted to compare the performance of the proposed DC/DC converter. Experimental results of the converter performance under different operation conditions using different control strategies are presented. Based on the experimental results, the voltage mode control is recommended. The proposed DC/DC converter can provide a very stable constant output voltage for the full range of load currents with the maximum efficiency of 90%. The current experimental results are very useful for the improvement task of the DC/DC converter.

State-of-the art technology and perspectives in battery management for electric vehicles in urban public transport

Cristina Carnevali, Riccardo Genova, Maurizio Mazzucchelli, Alessandro Sasso
CENTRO INTERUNIVERSITARIO DI RICERCA TRASPORTI
(INTER-UNIVERSITY CENTRE OF TRANSPORT RESEARCH)
Via all'Opera Pia 11A
I-16145 Genoa, Italy
Tel. +39 10 3532714 Fax +39 10 3532700
e-mail mm@crt.unige.it
URL www.crt.unige.it

In order to plan networks for electric buses it is necessary to merge the low transport capacity with their own logistic features. Observing the experiences in Italy it is possible to define some aspects of the problem, as the models of batteries and  the battery charge management. The electric bus market situation presents a small offer in the number of manufacturers and in the type of vehicles. The real application range of this transport technology, which at the moment exists rather only in Italy, is still not clear. Public administrators consider electric busses like a good solution for many uses; on the other hand running companies have to find the optimum services for them. So it is necessary to plan good electric busses networks, able to merge the low transport capacity with their own logistic features (battery recharge and consequent service scheduling). It is moreover to highlight that the traction batteries technology has increased in Italy because of experiments on hybrid vehicles, even of big dimensions (12 meters).

Battery management and energy supervision for hybrid vehicles in urban transport: application cases in Italy

G. Bosia , (#),  (*)
ALTRA S.p.A.
Via Adamoli 219, I-16141 Genoa, Italy
00390108461270
g.bosia@altra.it

R. Genova
INTERUNIVERSITY TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTER,
Via all'Opera Pia 11A, I-16145 Genoa, Italy
00390103532171
genova@crt.unige.it

M. Mazzucchelli
INTERUNIVERSITY TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTER,
Via all'Opera Pia 11A, I-16145 Genoa, Italy
00390103532714
mm@crt.unige.it

The main goal of the Energetic Supervision is the optimization of the charging and discharging process of the main accumulators through the evaluation of charge status. Hybrid vehicles are assuming a growing relevance because of their reduced environmental impact, maintenance and running costs; in this paper, the authors describe an innovative supervision system developed for these particular classes of vehicles, allowing an improved maintenance strategy, a further reduction of pollution for hybrid and dual-mode vehicles and a continuos monitoring of system behaviour, to prevent potential malfunctioning and damages.

Testbench for Electric Vehicle Drives used in fuelcell and battery powered Electric Vehicles

Bernhard Hauck
UNIVERSITY OF KAISERSLAUTERN
Institute for Power Electronics and Electronics
Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse
D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
phone: +49-631-205-3020
fax: +49-631-205-2612
e-mail: bhauck@eit.uni-kl.de
URL: http://www.e-technik.uni-kl.de/kahlen/mitarbeiter

A testbench for electric vehicle drives must be able to measure all parameters of these drives. For this the testbench must fulfill all requirements of the drive relative to power, speed and torque and also to thermal demands. The testbench at the Institute for Power Electronics and Electronics has the nominal values of a continuous power of 100 kW and a continuous torque of 238 Nm. The testbench motor runs up to a speed of 8,000 rpm. With gearboxes the speed or the torque can be increased. The testbench is equipped with a measurement system for d.c. power, three phase a.c. power, speed, torque and temperature. Also a special cooling and heating device for the testing of liquid cooled systems is available. With this device a preheating of the test object is possible.

Comparison of charge equalization methods for traction batteries

Bernhard Hauck
UNIVERSITY OF KAISERSLAUTERN
Institute for Power Electronics and Electronics
Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse
D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
phone: +49-631-205-3020
fax: +49-631-205-2612
e-mail: bhauck@eit.uni-kl.de
URL : http://www.eit.uni-kl.de/kahlen/mitarbeiter

For nearly all battery systems a battery management is needed. Also, for an efficient use of the batteries a charge equalization which is part of the battery management is necessary. Some methods for charge equalization are compared with each other regarding the type of battery, the amount of electronic parts, the cables and connectors, and the accuracy of the charge equalization.

BIDIRECTIONAL FULL-ELECTRIC STEP-LESS GEAR-BOX

Hofmann, W.; Paul, M. Frei, B.
TU CHEMNITZ
Chair of Electrical Machines and Drives
09126 Chemnitz, Germany
Phone:  +49 371 531 3323  Fax: +49 371 531 3324
e-mail: wilfried.hofmann@e-technik.tu-chemnitz.de

A full electric gearbox consisting of two motor/generators controlled by inverters for continuous transmission of mechanical energy with a high spread of speed  has been investigated. The electronic power conversion is comprised of two dc-link connected voltage source inverters (VSI) Further the use of direct-coupled matrix converter (MC) has been put up for discussion on this occasion. The  electromagnetic converter is based on two permanent magnet excited synchronous machines  with special arrangements of the magnetic circuit for higher torque utilisation in the overload region. To achieve a higher efficiency the basic construction has been improved and a special canned motor construction based on air-gap windings has been investigated.  A new control principle for fast dynamic behaviour adapted on the specifications of transmission has been developed. The basic functions of the conversion system are verified in a typical environment of hybrid vehicles where the electronic gear-box is a part of an automatic transmission with electrical power splitting.

SMARTMOS^TM in 42V Automotive System

Françoise VAREILHIAS
MOTOROLA  Semiconductors
Le Mirail, BP 1029, 31023 TOULOUSE, France
Tel (33) 561 19 9618 - Fax (33) 561 19 9957
Francoise.Vareilhias@Motorola.com

In automotive, the power demand is increasing with new electronic applications. A higher bus voltage, 42V, will be required. It brings questions about vehicle architecture and voltage specifications. SMARTMOS^TM technology has been extented to address these new requirements. First designed products are dedicated to power management and output stages.

Design of a High Performance Electric Vehicle for Urban Use

Cyril SPITERI STAINES,  Joseph CILIA, Victor BUTTIGIEG and Cedric CARUANA
University of Malta
Faculty of Engineering,  Msida.   MSD06,  Malta.
FAX:  00356 343 577,  TEL:  00356 333995
Email: cjspit@eng.um.edu.mt , jcilia@eng.um.edu.mt, vjbutt@eng.um.edu.mt.

This paper presents the design of an electric vehicle (EV) for operation over short distances (approximately 80km) with an average speed of 80 km/h.  These specifications were chosen to fulfill the daily transport needs of a small island such as Malta.  The paper describes the individual components required for the EV design.

Realization and tests of EV drives with driving comfort optimization

L. Ferraris, F. Profumo, A. Tenconi
Dept. of Electrical Engineering - Politecnico di Torino
Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24
10129 Torino - Italy
Ph: +390115647160 - Fax: +390115647199
luca.ferraris@polito.it

The problem of the optimisation of AC motor control for EV is considered. Preliminary tests and the realisation of an EV prototype with a new motor drive have been realised aiming at the performances optimisation on urban cycles. Special quantitative parameters have been introduced and evaluated, in good agreement with the drivers sensations, and tested in comparison with the performance of two traditional cars and a commercial EV.

High efficiency, low size converter to drive two wheel hub motors

F. Gustin, A. Berthon
L2ES / IGE (LRE-T 31 / INRETS )
2, avenue Jean Moulin, 90000 Belfort - France
Tel. : (33) 3 84 57 82 00 - Fax. (33) 3 84 57 00 32
e-mail : gustin@ige.univ-fcomte.fr

This paper presents simulation and experimental results of a high efficiency converter for driving two wheel motors for electric vehicle. The converter is composed by one inverter with low voltage input (67v) and two cycloconverters with 400v output voltage. Each cycloconverter with 400v output voltage is directly placed near the wheel motor. This converter operates with soft switching techniques. It uses MOSFETs and IGBTs modules. Output power is more than 18kW and the chopping output frequency is about 40 kHz. Experimental and simulation results are proposed.

Experimental Study on EV’s Lateral Motion Stabilization with Fast Feedback Control of 4 In-wheel Motors

Shin-ichiro SAKAI
The Institute of Space and
Astronautical Science

Satoshi HARA
Japan Broadcasting
Corporation

Yoichi HORI
The University of Tokyo
*3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
Tel: +81-42-759-8308 / Fax: +81-42-759-8473
E-mail : sakai@pub.isas.ac.jp
URL: www.hori.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/997/sakai

Electric motors in Electric Vehicles (EVs)has quite fast torque response,thus fast minor feedback loops can be applied for vehicle motion stabilization.This paper clari .ed that suc feedback loop can stabilize the dynamics of driven wheel on the slippery road surface.With suc loop, driven wheel has large inertia equivalently.It can stabilize the vehicle ’s lateral dynamics,if minor feedback loops are independently installed in the driven wheels.This e .ect was demonstrated with simulations and experiments.It suggests the e .ectiveness of minor feedback loops in the total control system like DYC (Direct YawMoment Control).This paper also introduces our novel 4-motored EV “UOT Electric Marc II ”,whic is newly constructed for these experiments.

ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE WITH IGBT INVERTER FOR TRACTION APPLICATION

M.Revisnyei, T.Szabó, L.Bojtor, E.Paál, I.Varjasi
Ganz Transelektro Electric Ltd. H-1108 Budapest Venyige str. 3., Hungary
Tel.: +36 1 4328865, Fax: +36 1 4328896
E-mail: epaal@ganztrans.hu

The paper  introduces a new IGBT inverter fed asynchronous drive applied for urban traction systems like tram and trolley bus drives. The paper discuses in details the main circuit configuration, the hardware and software control system and components. In despite of the rough voltage fluctuation on the DC overhead line, the control structure ensures a smooth operation of the drive system what is a basic requirement in traction applications.

Simulation of HEV with Typical Driving Cycle for a crowded city application

V. Lakaparampil, K.A. Fathima, Gautam Poddar,
B Sreekumari, Renji V Chacko, V.K.Neelakandhan
ER&DCI(T), Thiruvananthapuram.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are now seen as a possible solution to alleviate air pollution in cities, because of their zero emission characteristics. Limitations to the acceptance of EVs are due to the moderate performance of the traditional battery, mainly the range limitations between two consecutive charges, the lengthy time taken for recharge, and the modest service life.  This limitation is overcome to a certain extent by  Hybrid  Electric  Vehicles (HEVs). HEVs   save energy and minimise emission by combining the superior characteristics of both Electric Motors and the Internal Combustion  Engine (ICE). Electric Motors are capable of operating from no load to full load over the entire speed range, and  ICEs have optimum performance at fixed speed and near full load. In a series  Hybrid Electric Vehicle, the steady state cruising energy is supplied from the ICE, and the peak energy demands during acceleration and the other specified operational missions  will be supplied from the battery through Electric Motor. ER&DCI(T) is developing an HEV suitable for operation in metros. Different types of Urban Driving Schedule have evolved. In  this paper, a driving schedule for a typical  Indian metro is selected. HEV operation is simulated with this cycle, and simulation results are presented. During acceleration, vehicle needs positive tractive power; while decelerating negative  power is generated by the motor; under cruising  steadily the vehicle needs only a steady state power, which is usually a small percentage of  the peak power requirement. The tractive power is supplied from the battery  by the  electric motor; a  major portion of the regenerative energy during deceleration is absorbed by the battery, and  the steady state power is supplied by the down sized ICE . The simulation is carried out with different ratings and operational characteristics of battery  and ICE, and an optimum specification for the different blocks of the HEV is arrived. The results and the specification  arrived, are presented in the paper.

DS1.8: Topic 10: Generation and renewable energy
(E. Masada, The Science University of Tokyo, Japan, I. Nagy, T. U. of Budapest, Hungary)

Experimental emulation of wind turbines and flywheels for wind energy applications

R. Cardenas, R. Peña       
Electrical Engineering Department. University of  Magallanes
P.O. Box 113-D, Punta Arenas Chile
rcd@ona.fi.umag.cl

G. M. Asher,  J.C.  Clare

School Electrical & Electronic Engineering. The University of Nottingham.

Nottingham University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.

greg.asher@nottingham.ac.uk
 

This paper describes the experimental emulation of the static and dynamic characteristics of wind turbines and flywheels in the laboratory by using electrical machines, thus enabling system studies to be undertaken without the need for real turbines or flywheels. It is shown that the emulation of the turbine or flywheel characteristics, especially the system inertial characteristics, is not a straightforward problem if the mechanical dynamics are to be preserved. The paper considers certain emulation control structures that must be implemented in order to achieve good emulation under dynamic conditions. Experimental results obtained from a 2.5kW prototype are discussed.
 

MODELING AND DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF VARIABLE SPEED PUMP STORAGE UNITS incorporated INTO THE GERMAN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

K. Grotenburg, F. Koch, I. Erlich
Department of Electrical Power Systems
University of Duisburg, Germany
ean@uni-duisburg.de

U. Bachmann
Vereinigte Energiewerke AG VEAG
Berlin, Germany
udbachmann@veag.de

This paper deals with the modeling of variable speed pump storage power plant units equipped with double fed induction machine drives. The model is intended for use in a multi-machine simulation environment. The intention is to investigate the dynamic interaction between large variable speed units and the interconnected power system. First, a reduced order model of the double fed machine is developed. Based on this, a systematic multivariable controller design with dead-beat controller approach and terminal voltage compensation is carried out. The model is completed by voltage, power and speed controllers. Simulation results show the dynamic behavior of the new Goldisthal variable speed units in the German electrical power system.

Wind Power Plant Harmonics Reduction Using a Current-Source Inverter with a Controlled PWM rectifier

Pasi Puttonen, Mika Salo and Heikki Tuusa
Tampere University of Technology, Power Electronics
P.O. Box 692, Tampere FIN-33101, FINLAND
Phone: +358-3-365 3684, Fax: +358-3-365 2088
E-mail: pasi.puttonen@tut.fi

This paper presents pulse width modulated (PWM) current-source inverters (CSI) with a 6-pulse diode rec­ti­fier and a controlled PWM rectifier used in a variable speed wind power application. Due to the high modulation frequ­en­cy of the CSI with PWM rectifier, the total harmonic dis­tor­tion of the generator and supply current is much smaller compared to the CSI with diode rectifier, thus yielding almost sinu­soi­dal wave­forms and smal­­ler d.c. link L filter. The paper pre­s­ents some experimental results of the CSI with diode rectifier and controlled PWM rectifier and simulation results dea­ling with current harmonics.

OPTIMIZATION  OF A UTILITY INTERFACE FOR LARGE-SCALE PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS.

J A Gow, J A M Bleijs
Dept. of Engineering
University of Leicester
Leicester, Leicestershire LE3 7RH
email: jag12@le.ac.uk

R Jones
ALSTOM Power Conversion,
West Avenue, Kidsgrove, Stoke on Trent,
Staffs ST71TW
United Kingdom
email: rod.jones@powerconv.alstom.com

This paper discusses techniques involved in the development and optimization of control algorithms associated with large scale photovoltaic power conversion systems. These include  maximum power tracking algorithms used by a series of low-power d.c.-d.c. converter modules feeding a common d.c. link, and the control of an inverter forming the utility interface.

Sensorless Field-Oriented Control of a Slipring Induction Generator for a 2.5 MW Wind Power Plant from Nordex Energy GmbH

U. Rudel, D. Navarro, G. Berger, **

Ilmenau Technical University, Dept. of Power Electronics and Control
P.O. Box 100565, D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany
Phone: ++49 3677 691535, Fax: ++49 3677 691469
uwe.raedel@e-technik.tu-ilmenau.de

S. Berg
Nordex Energy GmbH, Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Bornbach 2, D-22846 Norderstedt, Germany
Phone:  ++49 040 50098-170, Fax: ++49 040 50098-302
Sberg@nordex-online.de

A field-oriented control of a slipring induction generator without speed sensor is introduced. The principle of the control and practical results of a 2.5 MW-Drive and a 30 kW laboratory set are shown. At first some basic equations to the slipring induction generator are introduced. The internal rotor current control loops are presented as well as the higher-level control  loops. It is distinguish between the isolated operation, the mains-coupled operation and the synchronization procedure of the stator voltage. A model to calculate the flux and one to calculate the speed are incorporated at the paper. Note, that the using of a speed model is unusual at the present available slipring drives at the windpower market. The presented figures with results are mostly of the 2.5 MW-Drive, except the two figures, where it is explicit mentioned.

Simulation of 12MW Wind Farm

Loránd Jánosi, Frede Blaabjerg, Birgitte Bak-Jensen
Aalborg University
Pontoppidanstræde 101, DK9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
+45 96359254 /+45 98151411
fbl@iet.auc.dk

Anca D. Hansen, Poul Sørensen
Risø National Laboratory, P.O.Box 49
4000 Roskilde
Denmark
+45 46775070 /+45 46775083
poul.e.soerensen@risoe.dk

John Bech
Dancontrol
Engineering A/S,
Italiensvej 1-5
DK-8450 Hammel
Denmark
+45 87621600 /+45 86965801
 jb@dancontrol-eng.dk

The installation of wind turbines in power systems has developed rapidly through the last 20 years. In this paper a complete simulation model of a 12 MW wind farm is presented using data from a new wind farm. The model describes the behavior from wind to electrical power to the grid. A model of the wind turbine with 2 MW induction generator is presented in details including the control. A set of simulations is performed and they show that it is possible to simulate a complete wind farm from wind to the grid. Simulation and measurements are performed on one wind turbine. They show a nice accordance with each other. The simulation tool can be used to simulate bigger wind farms connected to the grid.

Modelling of a Doubly – Fed  Wind – Powered  Induction  Generator  Feeding  a  DC Load.

F.N. Okafor      W. Hofmann   B. Rabelo.
TU  Chemnitz
Electrical Machines and Drives
D-09126 Chemnitz, Germany
Phone: +49 371 5313323 Fax: +49 371 531 3324
e-mail: frank.okafor@e-technik.tu-chemnitz.de
wilfried.hofmann@e-technik.tu-chemnitz.de
barab@hrz.tu-chemnitz.de

Wind energy conversion is a fast growing technology with expanding possibilities of application. The usual problems are the stringent control specifications due to variable speed operation and the need for optimal wind speed tracking  for improved efficiency. These have made the use of doubly-fed induction generators very attractive. In this paper therefore, a wind powered DFIG which feeds a DC load is investigated. It is shown that the inherent high control flexibility of the system results in optimised power flow. Electrical losses can then be minimised and system efficiency improved. Simulation studies of a prototype wind powered generator system employing a thyristor-bridge controlled DC motor, which simulates a wind turbine, as prime mover, will be  presented.

LOAD TORQUE ESTIMATORS FOR WIND TURBINES SIMULATORS